Where Does The Matter Found In The Body Of An Animal Come From
Learning Objectives
- Distinguish essential, beneficial, macro- and micro-nutrient requirements for plants and animals
- Predict the symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in plants and animals
- Describe the variety of adaptations for acquisition of nutrients in plants and animals
Living Cells Demand Materials to Grow: Nutrients
The data beneath was adapted from OpenStax Biology 22.3, OpenStax Biology 23.2, and OpenStax Biology 24.one
Macronutrients
Cells are substantially a well-organized assemblage of macromolecules and water. Recall that macromolecules are produced past the polymerization of smaller units called monomers. For cells to build all of the molecules required to sustain life, they demand certain substances, collectively called nutrients. When prokaryotes grow, they obtain their nutrients from the environment. Nutrients that are required in large amounts are called macronutrients, whereas those required in smaller or trace amounts are called micronutrients. Just a handful of elements are considered macronutrientsâ€"carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. (A mnemonic for remembering these elements is the acronym CHONPS.)
Why are these macronutrients needed in large amounts? They are the components of organic compounds in cells, including water. Carbon is the major element in all macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and many other compounds. Carbon accounts for most l percent of the composition of the jail cell. Nitrogen represents 12 percent of the total dry out weight of a typical jail cell and is a component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cell constituents. Most of the nitrogen available in nature is either atmospheric nitrogen (N2) or another inorganic form. Diatomic (Northwardtwo) nitrogen, however, tin can exist converted into an organic form but by certain organisms, called nitrogen-fixing organisms. Both hydrogen and oxygen are part of many organic compounds and of water. Phosphorus is required by all organisms for the synthesis of nucleotides and phospholipids. Sulfur is part of the construction of some amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and is too present in several vitamins and coenzymes. Other important macronutrients are potassium (Thousand), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na). Although these elements are required in smaller amounts, they are very important for the construction and office of the prokaryotic jail cell.
Micronutrients
In addition to these macronutrients, prokaryotes crave various metallic elements in pocket-size amounts. These are referred to as micronutrients or trace elements. For example, fe is necessary for the role of the cytochromes involved in electron-send reactions. Some prokaryotes require other elementsâ€"such every bit boron (B), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn)â€"primarily as enzyme cofactors.
Nutritional Needs and Adaptations in Plants
The information beneath was adapted from OpenStax Biological science 31.1, OpenStax Biology 31.2, and OpenStax Biological science 31.three
Essential Nutrients
Plants require simply light, water and about 20 elements to support all their biochemical needs: these 20 elements are chosen essential nutrients. For an element to exist regarded as essential, 3 criteria are required: i) a institute cannot consummate its life bicycle without the element; two) no other element can perform the part of the chemical element; and 3) the chemical element is directly involved in constitute nutrition.
| Essential Elements for Found Growth | |
|---|---|
| Macronutrients | Micronutrients |
| Carbon (C) | Iron (Fe) |
| Hydrogen (H) | Manganese (Mn) |
| Oxygen (O) | Boron (B) |
| Nitrogen (N) | Molybdenum (Mo) |
| Phosphorus (P) | Copper (Cu) |
| Potassium (K) | Zinc (Zn) |
| Calcium (Ca) | Chlorine (Cl) |
| Magnesium (Mg) | Nickel (Ni) |
| Sulfur (S) | Cobalt (Co) |
| Sodium (Na) | |
| Silicon (Si) | |
Macronutrients and Micronutrients
The essential elements tin can be divided into 2 groups: macronutrients and micronutrients. Nutrients that plants require in larger amounts are called macronutrients. About one-half of the essential elements are considered macronutrients: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. The first of these macronutrients, carbon (C), is required to form carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and many other compounds; information technology is therefore present in all macromolecules. On average, the dry out weight (excluding water) of a jail cell is 50 per centum carbon. As shown below, carbon is a central function of plant biomolecules.
Three cellulose fibers and the chemical structure of cellulose is shown. Cellulose consists of unbranched chains of glucose subunits that form long, straight fibers.
Cellulose, the main structural component of the establish prison cell wall, makes up over thirty percent of plant thing. Information technology is the most abundant organic compound on world. Plants are able to make their ain cellulose, merely need carbon from the air to exercise and then.
The next most abundant chemical element in plant cells is nitrogen (N); it is office of proteins and nucleic acids. Nitrogen is as well used in the synthesis of some vitamins. While there is an overwhelming corporeality of nitrogen in the air (79% of the atmosphere is nitrogen gas), the nitrogen in the air is not biologically available due to the triple bond between the nitrogen atoms. Merely a few species of leaner are capable of "fixing" nitrogen to brand it bioavailable; thus nitrogen is often a limiting factor for plant growth.
Phosphorus (P), some other macromolecule, is necessary to synthesize nucleic acids and phospholipids. As part of ATP, phosphorus enables nutrient energy to be converted into chemical energy through oxidative phosphorylation. Likewise, light free energy is converted into chemical free energy during photophosphorylation in photosynthesis, and into chemical energy to be extracted during respiration. Phosphorous is typically available in a course that is not readily taken up past plant roots; the grade that is bioavailable is present in small quantities and rapidly "fixed" into the bioavailable form one time once more. Phosphorus is therefore oftentimes a limiting factor for plant growth.
Potassium (M) is of import because of its office in regulating stomatal opening and endmost. As the openings for gas substitution, stomata help maintain a healthy water residual; a potassium ion pump supports this process. Potassium may be present at low concentrations in some types of soil, and it is the third almost mutual limiting cistron for constitute growth.
Other essential macronutrients: Hydrogen and oxygen are macronutrients that are part of many organic compounds, and also grade h2o. Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration; plants apply oxygen to store energy in the class of ATP. Sulfur is part of certain amino acids, such as cysteine and methionine, and is present in several coenzymes. Sulfur also plays a role in photosynthesis equally part of the electron ship chain, where hydrogen gradients play a key role in the conversion of light free energy into ATP.
Magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) are also of import macronutrients. The role of calcium is twofold: to regulate food transport, and to support many enzyme functions. Magnesium is important to the photosynthetic process. These minerals, along with the micronutrients, which are described below, likewise contribute to the plant’s ionic rest.
In improver to macronutrients, organisms require various elements in small amounts. These micronutrients, or trace elements, are nowadays in very small quantities. They include boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), and sodium (Na).
Deficiencies in any of these nutrients, particularly the macronutrients, tin can adversely impact constitute growth. Depending on the specific food, a lack can cause stunted growth, slow growth, or chlorosis (yellowing of the leaves). Extreme deficiencies may outcome in leaves showing signs of cell decease.
Photograph (a) shows a tomato plant with two greenish tomato fruits. The fruits have turned nighttime brown on the bottom. Photo (b) shows a constitute with green leaves; some of the leaves accept turned yellow. Photo (c) shows a five-lobed leaf that is xanthous with light-green veins. Photo (d) shows green palm leaves with yellow tips. Nutrient deficiency is evident in the symptoms these plants show. This (a) grape lycopersicon esculentum suffers from blossom finish rot caused by calcium deficiency. The yellowing in this (b) Frangula alnus results from magnesium deficiency. Inadequate magnesium also leads to (c) intervenal chlorosis, seen hither in a sweetgum leaf. This (d) palm is affected past potassium deficiency. (credit c: modification of work by Jim Conrad; credit d: modification of work past Malcolm Manners)
Plants obtain inorganic elements from the soil, which serves as a natural medium for land plants. Soil is the outer loose layer that covers the surface of Globe. Soil quality is a major determinant, along with climate, of plant distribution and growth. Soil quality depends not only on the chemical limerick of the soil, but likewise the topography (regional surface features) and the presence of living organisms. In agronomics, the history of the soil, such as the cultivating practices and previous crops, modify the characteristics and fertility of that soil.
Plants obtain nutrient in two different ways. Autotrophic plants can make their ain food from inorganic raw materials, such as carbon dioxide and water, through photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight. Green plants are included in this grouping. Some plants, however, are heterotrophic: they are totally parasitic and lacking in chlorophyll. These plants, referred to as holo-parasitic plants, are unable to synthesize organic carbon and draw all of their nutrients from the host institute.
Plants may also benefit from microbial partners in nutrient acquisition. Particular species of bacteria and fungi accept co-evolved along with certain plants to create a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with roots. This improves the diet of both the plant and the microbe. The germination of nodules in legume plants and mycorrhization can be considered amid the nutritional adaptations of plants. Withal, these are not the just blazon of adaptations that we may discover; many plants have other adaptations that allow them to thrive nether specific conditions.
Nutrients from Other Sources
Some plants cannot produce their own food and must obtain their nutrition from outside sources. This may occur with plants that are parasitic or saprophytic. Some plants are mutualistic symbionts, epiphytes, or insectivorous.
Parasitic Plants
A parasitic found depends on its host for survival. Some parasitic plants take no leaves. An example of this is the dodder, which has a weak, cylindrical stem that coils around the host and forms suckers. From these suckers, cells invade the host stalk and grow to connect with the vascular bundles of the host. The parasitic plant obtains water and nutrients through these connections. The plant is a total parasite (a holoparasite) because it is completely dependent on its host. Other parasitic plants (hemiparasites) are fully photosynthetic and only apply the host for water and minerals. In that location are well-nigh four,100 species of parasitic plants.
Saprophytes
A saprophyte is a plant that does not accept chlorophyll and gets its nutrient from dead matter, similar to bacteria and fungi (note that fungi are often called saprophytes, which is incorrect, considering fungi are not plants). Plants like these use enzymes to catechumen organic food materials into simpler forms from which they can absorb nutrients. Most saprophytes exercise not straight digest dead matter: instead, they parasitize fungi that digest dead thing, or are mycorrhizal, ultimately obtaining photosynthate from a mucus that derived photosynthate from its host. Saprophytic plants are uncommon; only a few species are described.
Photo shows a institute with light pink stems reminiscent of asparagus. Bud-like appendages grow from the tips of the stems. Saprophytes, like this Dutchmen’southward pipe (Monotropa hypopitys), obtain their food from dead matter and do non have chlorophyll. (credit: modification of work by Iwona Erskine-Kellie)
Symbionts
A symbiont is a establish in a symbiotic relationship, with special adaptations such as mycorrhizae or nodule germination. Fungi also form symbiotic associations with cyanobacteria and light-green algae (called lichens). Lichens tin can sometimes be seen every bit colorful growths on the surface of rocks and trees. The algal partner (phycobiont) makes food autotrophically, some of which it shares with the fungus; the fungal partner (mycobiont) absorbs water and minerals from the environment, which are fabricated available to the green alga. If 1 partner was separated from the other, they would both dice.
Epiphytes
An epiphyte is a establish that grows on other plants, only is not dependent upon the other plant for diet. Epiphytes have ii types of roots: clinging aerial roots, which absorb nutrients from humus that accumulates in the crevices of trees; and aerial roots, which blot moisture from the atmosphere.
Insectivorous Plants
An insectivorous establish has specialized leaves to attract and digest insects. The Venus flytrap is popularly known for its insectivorous mode of nutrition, and has leaves that work as traps. The minerals information technology obtains from prey recoup for those lacking in the boggy (low pH) soil of its native North Carolina coastal plains. At that place are three sensitive hairs in the center of each half of each leaf. The edges of each leafage are covered with long spines. Nectar secreted by the plant attracts flies to the foliage. When a fly touches the sensory hairs, the leafage immediately closes. Next, fluids and enzymes break downward the casualty and minerals are absorbed by the leaf. Since this plant is popular in the horticultural trade, it is threatened in its original habitat.
A Venus flytrap has specialized leaves to trap insects. (credit: "Selena Due north. B. H."/Flickr)
Nutritional Needs and Adaptations in Animals
The information beneath was adjusted from OpenStax Biology 34.0, OpenStax Biology 34.1 OpenStax Biological science 34.2
About animals obtain their nutrients by the consumption of other organisms. At the cellular level, the biological molecules necessary for brute part are amino acids, lipid molecules, nucleotides, and simple sugars. Nonetheless, the food consumed consists of protein, fatty, and complex carbohydrates. Animals must convert these macromolecules into the simple molecules required for maintaining cellular functions, such as assembling new molecules, cells, and tissues. The conversion of the food consumed to the nutrients required is a multi-step procedure involving digestion and absorption. During digestion, food particles are broken downwardly to smaller components, and later, they are absorbed by the body.
Animals obtain their nutrition from the consumption of other organisms. Depending on their diet, animals tin can be classified into the following categories: plant eaters (herbivores), meat eaters (carnivores), and those that eat both plants and animals (omnivores). The nutrients and macromolecules nowadays in food are not immediately accessible to the cells. At that place are a number of processes that modify nutrient within the brute body in social club to make the nutrients and organic molecules attainable for cellular function. As animals evolved in complexity of grade and function, their digestive systems have too evolved to accommodate their various dietary needs.
Herbivores, Omnivores, and Carnivores
Herbivores are animals whose primary nutrient source is plant-based. Examples of herbivores, as shown below, include vertebrates like deer, koalas, and some bird species, also as invertebrates such as crickets and caterpillars. These animals have evolved digestive systems capable of handling big amounts of plant material. Herbivores can be further classified into frugivores (fruit-eaters), granivores (seed eaters), nectivores (nectar feeders), and folivores (leaf eaters).
Herbivores, like this (a) mule deer and (b) monarch caterpillar, eat primarily plant material. (credit a: modification of piece of work past Beak Ebbesen; credit b: modification of work past Doug Bowman)
Carnivores are animals that eat other animals. The word carnivore is derived from Latin and literally ways "meat eater." Wild cats such every bit lions and tigers are examples of vertebrate carnivores, as are snakes and sharks, while invertebrate carnivores include body of water stars, spiders, and ladybugs. Obligate carnivores are those that rely entirely on brute flesh to obtain their nutrients; examples of obligate carnivores are members of the cat family, such every bit lions and cheetahs. Facultative carnivores are those that too eat not-animate being food in addition to animal food. Note that there is no clear line that differentiates facultative carnivores from omnivores; dogs would be considered facultative carnivores.
Carnivores similar the (a) lion swallow primarily meat. The (b) ladybug is also a carnivore that consumes minor insects called aphids. (credit a: modification of work past Kevin Pluck; credit b: modification of work by Jon Sullivan)
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Omnivores are animals that consume both plant- and fauna-derived nutrient. In Latin, omnivore means to eat everything. Humans, bears and chickens are example of vertebrate omnivores; invertebrate omnivores include cockroaches and crayfish.
Omnivores like the (a) bear and (b) crayfish eat both establish- and animal-based food. (credit a: modification of work by Dave Menke; credit b: modification of work past Jon Sullivan)
Brute Nutritional Requirements (Homo Focus)
Organic Precursors
The organic molecules required for edifice cellular textile and tissues must come from food. Carbohydrates or sugars are the primary source of organic carbons in the animal body. During digestion, digestible carbohydrates are ultimately broken downward into glucose and used to provide free energy through metabolic pathways. Circuitous carbohydrates, including polysaccharides, tin be cleaved down into glucose through biochemical modification; yet, humans do non produce the enzyme cellulase and lack the power to derive glucose from the polysaccharide cellulose. In humans, these molecules provide the fiber required for moving waste product through the big intestine and a healthy colon. The intestinal flora in the homo gut are able to extract some nutrition from these institute fibers. The excess sugars in the body are converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles for later utilise. Glycogen stores are used to fuel prolonged exertions, such every bit long-distance running, and to provide energy during food shortage. Excess glycogen can be converted to fats, which are stored in the lower layer of the skin of mammals for insulation and free energy storage. Excess digestible carbohydrates are stored past mammals in order to survive dearth and aid in mobility.
Another important requirement is that of nitrogen. Protein catabolism provides a source of organic nitrogen. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and protein breakup provides amino acids that are used for cellular part. The carbon and nitrogen derived from these become the building block for nucleotides, nucleic acids, proteins, cells, and tissues. Backlog nitrogen must be excreted as it is toxic. Fats add flavor to nutrient and promote a sense of satiety or fullness. Fatty foods are also pregnant sources of energy considering one gram of fat contains nine calories. Fats are required in the nutrition to assistance the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and the product of fatty-soluble hormones.
Essential Nutrients
While the animal trunk can synthesize many of the molecules required for function from the organic precursors, at that place are some nutrients that need to be consumed from food. These nutrients are termed essential nutrients, meaning they must be eaten, and the body cannot produce them.
The omega-3 blastoff-linolenic acid and the omega-6 linoleic acid are essential fatty acids needed to brand some membrane phospholipids. Vitamins are another class of essential organic molecules that are required in small quantities for many enzymes to function and, for this reason, are considered to exist co-enzymes. Absence or low levels of vitamins can accept a dramatic effect on health, as outlined in the tables below. Both fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins must exist obtained from food. Minerals are inorganic essential nutrients that must exist obtained from food. Among their many functions, minerals aid in structure and regulation and are considered co-factors. Certain amino acids also must be procured from nutrient and cannot be synthesized past the body. These amino acids are the “essential†amino acids. The homo torso tin can synthesize only 11 of the 20 required amino acids; the rest must be obtained from nutrient in the form of protein. When eaten, proteins are broken down into their amino acid building blocks and are then used almost immediately to synthesize new proteins needed past the body. The essential amino acids are listed below (note, you are non required to memorize vitamins and minerals included in these tables).
| Water-soluble Essential Vitamins | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin | Function | Deficiencies Can Lead To | Sources |
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) | Needed by the body to procedure lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates Coenzyme removes CO2 from organic compounds | Muscle weakness, Beriberi: reduced centre function, CNS bug | Milk, meat, dried beans, whole grains |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | Takes an active role in metabolism, aiding in the conversion of nutrient to energy (FAD and FMN) | Cracks or sores on the outer surface of the lips (cheliosis); inflammation and redness of the tongue; moist, scaly pare inflammation (seborrheic dermatitis) | Meat, eggs, enriched grains, vegetables |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | Used by the body to release energy from carbohydrates and to process alcohol; required for the synthesis of sex hormones; component of coenzyme NAD+ and NADP+ | Pellagra, which tin result in dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death | Meat, eggs, grains, basics, potatoes |
| Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acrid) | Assists in producing energy from foods (lipids, in particular); component of coenzyme A | Fatigue, poor coordination, retarded growth, numbness, tingling of hands and anxiety | Meat, whole grains, milk, fruits, vegetables |
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | The main vitamin for processing amino acids and lipids; too helps catechumen nutrients into energy | Irritability, depression, confusion, mouth sores or ulcers, anemia, muscular twitching | Meat, dairy products, whole grains, orangish juice |
| Vitamin B7 (Biotin) | Used in energy and amino acid metabolism, fatty synthesis, and fatty breakup; helps the body utilise claret carbohydrate | Hair loss, dermatitis, depression, numbness and tingling in the extremities; neuromuscular disorders | Meat, eggs, legumes and other vegetables |
| Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) | Assists the normal evolution of cells, particularly during fetal development; helps metabolize nucleic and amino acids | Deficiency during pregnancy is associated with birth defects, such as neural tube defects and anemia | Leafy green vegetables, whole wheat, fruits, nuts, legumes |
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) | Maintains good for you nervous organization and assists with claret cell formation; coenzyme in nucleic acrid metabolism | Anemia, neurological disorders, numbness, loss of balance | Meat, eggs, brute products |
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) | Helps maintain connective tissue: bone, cartilage, and dentin; boosts the immune system | Scurvy, which results in bleeding, hair and molar loss; joint pain and swelling; delayed wound healing | Citrus fruits, broccoli, tomatoes, red sweetness bell peppers |
| Fat-soluble Essential Vitamins | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin | Function | Deficiencies Can Lead To | Sources |
| Vitamin A (Retinol) | Critical to the development of bones, teeth, and peel; helps maintain eyesight, enhances the immune system, fetal development, gene expression | Night-blindness, skin disorders, impaired immunity | Dark green leafy vegetables, yellow-orange vegetables fruits, milk, butter |
| Vitamin D | Critical for calcium absorption for bone evolution and strength; maintains a stable nervous system; maintains a normal and stiff heartbeat; helps in blood clotting | Rickets, osteomalacia, immunity | Cod liver oil, milk, egg yolk |
| Vitamin Eastward (Tocopherol) | Lessens oxidative damage of cells, and prevents lung damage from pollutants; vital to the immune system | Deficiency is rare; anemia, nervous system degeneration | Wheat germ oil, unrefined vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, grains |
| Vitamin K (Phylloquinone) | Essential to blood clotting | Bleeding and easy bruising | Leafy dark-green vegetables, tea |
| Minerals and Their Function in the Man Body | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Function | Deficiencies Can Lead To | Sources |
| *Calcium | Needed for muscle and neuron role; heart wellness; builds bone and supports synthesis and role of blood cells; nerve function | Osteoporosis, rickets, muscle spasms, impaired growth | Milk, yogurt, fish, light-green leafy vegetables, legumes |
| *Chlorine | Needed for production of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach and nerve function; osmotic balance | Musculus cramps, mood disturbances, reduced appetite | Tabular array salt |
| Copper (trace amounts) | Required component of many redox enzymes, including cytochrome c oxidase; cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis | Copper deficiency is rare | Liver, oysters, cocoa, chocolate, sesame, nuts |
| Iodine | Required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones | Goiter | Seafood, iodized salt, dairy products |
| Iron | Required for many proteins and enzymes, notably hemoglobin, to prevent anemia | Anemia, which causes poor concentration, fatigue, and poor immune function | Red meat, leafy green vegetables, fish (tuna, salmon), eggs, dried fruits, beans, whole grains |
| *Magnesium | Required co-cistron for ATP formation; os formation; normal membrane functions; musculus function | Mood disturbances, muscle spasms | Whole grains, leafy green vegetables |
| Manganese (trace amounts) | A cofactor in enzyme functions; trace amounts are required | Manganese deficiency is rare | Mutual in most foods |
| Molybdenum (trace amounts) | Acts every bit a cofactor for three essential enzymes in humans: sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase | Molybdenum deficiency is rare | |
| *Phosphorus | A component of bones and teeth; helps regulate acrid-base balance; nucleotide synthesis | Weakness, bone abnormalities, calcium loss | Milk, hard cheese, whole grains, meats |
| *Potassium | Vital for muscles, center, and nerve part | Cardiac rhythm disturbance, muscle weakness | Legumes, irish potato skin, tomatoes, bananas |
| Selenium (trace amounts) | A cofactor essential to activeness of antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase; trace amounts are required | Selenium deficiency is rare | Mutual in most foods |
| *Sodium | Systemic electrolyte required for many functions; acrid-base balance; h2o balance; nerve function | Muscle cramps, fatigue, reduced appetite | Table salt |
| Zinc (trace amounts) | Required for several enzymes such as carboxypeptidase, liver alcohol dehydrogenase, and carbonic anhydrase | Anemia, poor wound healing, can lead to short stature | Common in almost foods |
| *Greater than 200mg/day required | |||
| Essential Amino Acids | |
|---|---|
| Amino acids that must be consumed | Amino acids anabolized by the trunk |
| isoleucine | alanine |
| leucine | selenocysteine |
| lysine | aspartate |
| methionine | cysteine |
| phenylalanine | glutamate |
| tryptophan | glycine |
| valine | proline |
| histidine* | serine |
| threonine | tyrosine |
| arginine* | asparagine |
| *The man body can synthesize histidine and arginine, only non in the quantities required, especially for growing children. | |
This video provides a summary of human nutrition needs:
Source: https://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/nutrition-transport-and-homeostasis/nutrition-needs-and-adaptations/
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